Subtype specific metabolic vulnerabilities in pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer has historically been characterised by its poor prognosis, with very little increase in 5-year expectancy relative to other, comparable cancertypes. This clinical observation is largely due to existing difficulties in identifying therapeutics effective in managing metastasised disease, a task compounded by the heterogeneity associated with pancreatic cancers. Concentrated efforts have been made in recent times to mitigate this issue, with the emergence of a range of subtyping strategies allowing for the stratification of patients. This categorisation of patients into workable groups thus serves to limit the degree of heterogeneity found within subgroups, with hypothetical, and otherwise unobservable, vulnerabilities shared between subtypes. This thesis aims to explore these potential therapeutically exploitable vulnerabilities by describing the extensive characterisation of pancreatic cancer subtypes via a diverse collection of patient derived cell-lines. This characterisation was achieved by profiling of the transcriptome via RNA-seq analyses, the proteome via mass-spectrometric approaches, and activation status of metabolic processes associated with oncogenesis in pancreatic cancer via functional assays. This work therefore facilitates the identification of vulnerabilities by utilising the profiles of subtypes generated in this manner and devising therapeutic strategies effective in treating the disease by interrogating dysregulated pathways. Within PDCLs, two pancreatic cancer subtypes were first identified which aligned with those described in patients: the squamous and classical subtypes. Preliminary profiling efforts highlighted a dysregulation of genes involved in metabolism across these subtypes in vitro, with active glycolysis associated with the aggressive squamous subtype and fatty acid biosynthesis and metabolism upregulated in the classical subtype. Further proteomic characterisation then validated this observation, providing further evidence for the existence of distinct metabolic profiles associated with these subgroups. Follow-up experimentation which focused on metabolic outputs then generated metabolic profiles for each subtype, with in vitro phenotypes reflecting findings at the transcriptome and proteome level and demonstrating enhanced glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation in the squamous and classical subtypes respectively. Subsequent attempts to target arms within those subtype-associated metabolic pathways yielded mixed results. Inhibiting glycolysis via targeting of ALDOA successfully mediated a selective response in cell-lines associated with the squamous subtype, while classical cell-lines required a combination therapy to suppress metabolic flexibility to induce sensitivity to inhibition of fatty acid synthesis via targeting of FASN. An adjacent and complementary arm of research involved collaborative highthroughput drug repurposing screens to identify additional targets for follow-up. This involved an initial screen of ~600 compounds in 8 PDCLs. Results generated as part of this screening approach highlighted the potency of statins in effecting a significant response selectively in squamous cell-lines. Research probing the mechanism by which statins induce this selective inhibition suggested that differences in degradation of the statin target HMGCR and cholesterol homeostasis may confer resistance to cell-lines classified as squamous, with findings demonstrating the potential of dietary components found in commonly ingested foodstuffs to mitigate the effects of statins in the otherwise sensitive, squamous subtype. This thesis therefore identified a range of therapeutic strategies effective in mediating sensitivity in in vitro pancreatic subtypes, with mechanisms of actions determined for each strategy. Results have demonstrated that pancreatic cancer cells exhibit differential sensitivities to metabolic inhibition, with subtype classification found to act as a predictor of sensitivity. As these in vitro subtypes recapitulate stratifications described in patients, these therapeutic strategies are of clinical relevance in the treatment of pancreatic cancer

Late time tails from momentarily stationary, compact initial data in Schwarzschild spacetimes

An L-pole perturbation in Schwarzschild spacetime generally falls off at late times t as t^{-2L-3}. It has recently been pointed out by Karkowski, Swierczynski and Malec, that for initial data that is of compact support, and is initially momentarily static, the late-time behavior is different, going as t^{-2L-4}. By considering the Laplace transforms of the fields, we show here why the momentarily stationary case is exceptional. We also explain, using a time-domain description, the special features of the time development in this exceptional case.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figure

DNA repair: How yeast repairs radical damage

AbstractCloning of the OGG1 gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae has revealed that DNA glycosylases are not necessarily conserved throughout phylogeny, yet there is a DNA-repair protein superfamily with a wide substrate specificity found from bacteria to man

Is the web being used to speak our language?

This paper presents results from extensive surveys of the usage of Maori language on the World Wide Web(www, Web) conducted in 1998 and 2002. Issues both supportive and detrimental relating to the use and publication of indigenous languages in the WWW will be highlighted. Specifically: how is the WWW being used to articulate the Maori language

Leverage Is Everything: Understanding the Trump Administration\u27s Linkage between Trade Agreements and Unilateral Import Restrictions

This paper offers an understanding of the Trump administration\u27s (Administration) often-perplexing approach to international trade policy and, in particular, the Administration\u27s repeated threats to withdraw from or renegotiate bilateral, regional and multilateral trade agreements. The central premise offered here is that all Administration trade actions--including both its approach to trade agreements and its threats or use of unilateral import restrictions--must be seen in terms of two fundamental goals. The first is to eliminate U.S. trade deficits with foreign countries (individually or collectively). The second is to restore the U.S. manufacturing sector by limiting imports and by bringing back to the U.S. manufacturing that had been moved to other countries. Renegotiation of trade agreements and imposition of import restrictions are closely integrated tactics used to accomplish these goals. Thus, neither should be seen as an end in itself, but rather as leverage toward achieving whatever specific goal the Administration seeks at the time. In one situation, import restrictions (or threat thereof) may serve as leverage in a trade agreement negotiation. In another situation, a trade negotiation may be conducted in a manner that provides leverage to obtain a limitation of imports. In analyzing this approach to trade, this paper addresses the following: A brief summary of the Trump Administration\u27s trade policy and objectives; specific examples of the Administration\u27s leverage-based strategy in action; and more detailed discussions of the Administration\u27s leverage strategies in the three most important areas of U.S. trade today: US-China trade, the effort either to change or withdraw from the World Trade Organization, and the attempt to reshape the structure of North America by renegotiating or withdrawing from the North American Free Trade Agreement